Added saturated salt water like instructed, shook, separated, and drained water off, and color did not change. You can purchase these on Amazon. Diamonds have unique colorations and clarity that are derived from terpenes and the purity of the crystalline structure. How do I know? Hello!! Gloves (impervious). When smoked or vaporized it has a wonderful taste, and also looks beautiful. at a certain point the polarity will become just right for the cannabinoids to pass through the column. The light yellow fluid evaporated down, and then I purged. bless up, #1 separate ht from hc The final polish essentially burns away the residues of solvents present naturally, like pinene, or the ones I use. Orders of magnitude more potent than ground up herb in the unit which the unit is really meant for. The process is known generally as Dry Column Vacuum Chromatograph (DCVC) although the only references I find online relate to the method as used with silica gel as the stationary phase. 100% no moisture. I get acetone from Amazon labelled as "Pure Acetone Nail Polish Remover" by the quart. Nucleation is when atoms begin to bond together due to reaching a specific temperature called the solidification temperature. When enzymatic cleaning chemistries are used in washer/disinfectors, they typically work best between 100-140 F/32-60 C with detergents typically being used in ranges between 122-180 F/50-82 C. This can vary . Like a chef. I am having some trouble polishing my extracts with Hexane. I immediately place the dish used while still very hot into my vacuum chamber and pull it down until the gauge shows 30" or the pump starts complaining lolz. Or please point the way to where I might be able to purchase the same one? Further processing of these diamonds can be performed after the purge. The saline exposes any proteins hydrophobic surfaces, making them insoluble in water, so that they precipitate out, and the saturated water has no room for anything but the alcohol, which aids that process. What were your perameters for that thing?! My starting material is BHO which has been CRCd and dewaxed inline. Can the solution just be left to air dry for several day's?, or do I need to GW. Remove when brisk bubbling is over. This process assumes from personal experience two things: Method #1, pour your fluid into a glass, Pyrex pie plate, place a small fan in front to blow over the top. Its also a thick honey texture, which is kind of a pain to work with. So put in a large seed. Second, I let the substance dissolve around 80 degrees, with some agitation. We did our first experiment and the most unexpected thing ever happened - it didn't work out as expected, haha. Ideas are more than welcome! The deviation from routine extraction begins here. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1. Your time is always much appreciated, Skunk Pharm. I have found the following site to be a good source on information on this sort of thing. Attached are pictures of the amber oil that I extracted. I tried many times to repeat the process but couldn't get the same thing to happen again. Good luck. GW. easily avail at any glassware supply lab supply, or with the correct search term, on amazon . We redissolved the same oil in pentane/hexane. We feel the purity of our medicine would be irrelevant considering there are no alternatives due to tyranical laws. Hey Skunkpharm, this post, while interesting, is contradictory and confusing: first you say: "After it has separated, bleed off the water and emulsion layer), and then: "After carefully bleeding off the bottom layer of water, we continue to replace it and repeat the wash process of both the emulsion layer and the hexane solution, until the emulsion layer disappears" Which is it, and why? Could I potentially do this to a fresh extract as well to wash for chlorophyll so I don't have to work with hexane at all? The extracts slowly leach out. Bottom line, all this hexane method. I know it has other elements in it but will these evaporate over time with winterization, or is it too dangerous to even try this method? You seem to be blissfully unaware that we don't sell any concentrates to anyone, period. Adding salt is not productive at all because it iterferes with the water in a way that prevents the water from pulling pinene out of the goop. The salt, if any, left in the extract is not detectable. EXTREMELY potent when captured in a Vapir party bag. Already among organometallic compounds there are examples in which obtaining crystals at all is an enormous struggle and having single crystal quality is simply a matter of hope. Extract washed this way dispenses with the mediciney "Metholatum" taste. Washed 5 more times with just saline water. I just cannot manage to get it to become a shatter consistency. You will be able to easily identify the water miscible (hydrobolic) components versus the oil that we seek. Besides NIOSH, we also have U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulating what you can use and what you can leave behind: /blog-images/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm073395.pdf. There are limits to what you can wash out with brine and if you have a lot of chlorophyll, it isnt really water soluble, but washes away in micelles, so it doesnt come out easily. We've observed that when evaporating 1 liter of methanol, hash oil starts forming in the last 50ml. Google has tons of stuff on it. Some questions that we have I got your book. How long should i wait before the ethanol is gone, always seems to have a slight smell to it. So waiting for the rubbing alcohol to evaporate or not having any rubbing alcohol present, I will tell you another sure fire way to "clean up" small amounts of wax and shatter; Based on this, my "go to" method of removing the irritant azadirachtin would be to attempt to disolve it in water. Clean and nice smelling, but dark. Thanks. Once the fats are extracted an separated, I let the extracted solvent evaporate around 90-95 degrees fahrenheit. Whether the diamonds are smoked or added to flower, some people are gravitating to purer products across categories, and 99 percent THCA is grabbing attention. D. Gold. Some MMJ applications require greater purity and potency, so it is desirable to remove inactive ingredients like fats, lipids, and plant waxes, as well as any chlorophyll and other water solubles. I wanted to know the best way to clean the 8 oz of green wax. Then make your next solvent gradient at 15%/85%. While it is easier to use a process that minimizes their extraction in the first place, if that is a moot point, because you already have an extraction with excessive non-active ingredients, here are some ways to clean them up: After re-dissolving the extract in ethanol or hexane, it may simply be filtered to remove the material that is insoluble. #7 once you are able to obtain yout purified thca granules (90%+/-) re dissolve into new pentane hotplate in safe area with minimum heat <90f .try to use as little as possible as needed or it will take longer example (77 grams in 300 ml pentane) The resulting RSO concentrate is a dark harsh wax/tar (50% THC). Youre not a bad person for consuming cannabis, Dale says. A review of the hexane Material Safety Data Sheet shows that the oral rat LD50: is relatively high at 25000 mg/kg. - Despite the dark color of the end product, what do you reckon is the actual THC concentration? Begin adding COLD water in a pippette, about 1ml-5ml at a time to the seperatory funnel. Most smokes very little. No shame. Deadly poison if you drink it. It appears however that azadirachtin by itself is hydrobolic and miscible in water. While n-Hexane is a delightfully non polar solvent, that enables us to do some amazing things, it has two more carbons and four more hydrogen atoms in the chain than Butane, and so due to the greater Van der Waal forces involved, is not as easy to get rid of as Butane. I use a medicine dropper to remove the amber layer. My results came by googling "salting down alcohol". Prior to centrifuge I would place the tubes in my freezer which is set to lowest temp. ;). So I take advantage of a lot of acetone/extract mixes by experimenting with it after I cleaned up my glassware. The web says PAM is water soluable. Could I just skip the first step of extracting from the plant material and evaporating that off just to re-dissolve in a solvent, and just go straight to salt water washing after the original extract from the plant material is in the acetone? Unless of course you vaped first and an alien worm with horrible fangs jumped out of your gut immediately after you started hacking violently. Filter is "slow" rated for fine crystals. An easy way to get rid of them is to simply re-dissolve the non-polar extraction in 190 proof (~95.5% azeotropic) polar ethanol and stick it in the freezer for about 48 hours at -18C/0F, for the waxes to coagulate. I'm wondering in regards to using UV light, if Sylvania UV-Lamp 400W E-40 would be of choice or is it too powerful? Thank you sir or miss! There wasn't really enough that precipitated out to smear onto paper to see. Thanks for the reply, but when I mentioned 'denatured alcohol' I meant ethanol, not IPA, incidentally, I got 99.9% IPA off ebay, nice and easy, nice and cheap. GW. everyone recrystallizes their CBD. For some reason, my alcohol, Hexane and water mixture does not bringing chlorophyll down. But not 1 single rock. Then the bottom portion can be removed through the bottom port. I already posted a very simple way to do this, however I am a stoner. No matter the strain it always seems to taste fruity and pleasant. Could you please tell me what that bottle top filter contraption is? I've been fighting with this process and I'm trying to figure out exactly what I'm doing wrong or still need to do. They worked well for our purpose, and we cleaned them when they clogged, by alternating a hot aqueous NaOH solution and a HNO3 solution, to break organic bonds. Sometimes bad things happens to good oil, and evil spirits need to be exorcised, or sometimes the most economical process, or indeed the only available extraction process, extracts undesirables. #10 add big seeds( at this time your saturation and purity levels should be ideal.) I better wrap it up now.I have a bag that is just waiting for some vapor. Some even contains a dye. It will reach that pointI nearly soiled myself once learning about oven doors exploding to the open position I discovered diamond painting in early 2020 and haven't . The layer that is amber and clear is the good stuff. The sorption and desorption of n-pentane vapor by porphyrin aluminum metal-organic framework Al-MOF-TCPPH2 where TCPPH2 is tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin linker were studied by a novel method of in-situ . Dale talks about fighting to free cannabis prisoners, staying active in cannabis advocacy, and reducing the stigma around the plant. It is likely that the warmth is what causes the extraction of the uncleanable stuff But how are these diamonds made? There are variations; if I am in a hurry, then I add salt to the iso/extract mix (non-iodized). If you put the extraction into a 250F double boiler, the puddle won't reach higher that the boiling point of ethanol and its azeotropes, until they are boiled away, and then it will rise to 250F. Bigger chunks bake at 275F instead of 300F to avoid burning. The good news is that ethanol is not insalubrious below 5000 ppm, according to the FDA pharmaceutical standards. I realized I need to stop putting the eventual "carrier" type materials right into the just-finished cannabis oil while it is still in the mash container - that will keep me from having to salvage anything in a polish maneuver. Please suggest. This means my ability to be patient and wait only exist when I am stoned.lolz. After this time, remove the vessel from the cold environment, open the vent valve, and allow the solution to reach room temperature. By googling, I learned (contrary to my vast knowledge beforehand lolz) that some things, like iso and water, cannot be separated by distillation. This low and slow method will encourage more nucleation due to increased temperature and pressure and larger crystal growth. keep pentane in liquid state if becomes oil like viscosity add a small amount of pentane too much and you will dissolve thc-a too little and you will not be dissolving the unwanteds anymore Im assuming 7-10. Lab coat. I think it was moonshine derived but not finished. Hexane and water do not mix. This time, a lot of stuff percipitated. May Life not life on you too often. I think together we can make it right . I have done this several times and it works but is not activated carbon. Be careful, though, as too much solvent or solvent that is too warm will dissolve . With iso it actually breaks the azeotrope between water and alcohol, forcing those two into seperate layers by themselves. Individuals with nausea may want a capsule or tincture that has a ratio of THCA and cannabidiol (CBD), another cannabinoid with potential anti-emetic effects, and some myrcene to help alleviate their discomfort. So just to check in case I'm being a bit thick IPA can be used to purge hexane from an extract instead of the ethanol mentioned in the above article, bearing in mind the less-than 0.1% water content of my IPA? I decided to cook it into a decarbed QWET oil (I follow your HOA recipe, sublingual) after straining, freezing, and straining again, but when it came time for the final 1/8" of mash that was left, it just wouldn't (visibly) go to decarb at 250F (I noticed a rainbow sheen to the bubbles), so I stopped and decided to try and air dry the remaining ethanol off. So, to boil all that down, 1. What temp to let sit out at? By re-dissolving their extracts in hot ethanol and then placing that in the freezer overnight, some of the undesirables will precipitate out and may be filtered out. Water also dissolves and washes away the Chlorophyll binding proteins and exposes the Chlorophyll to the solvent used. Do you do this with your cold crash crystals ? The darker colors are typically the C-30 size molecules like anthro cyanin plant pigments, which are also glucosides (plant sugars) and can darken with caramelization. I will post pics of my crystals when they are bigger. Add water again and repeat the wash step until you are satisfied with the clarity, before evaporating off the hexane, to yield the pristine oil. It always tends to leave traces and crystals in the extract can I put a butane extraction straight into the ethanol for polishing or do I need to put it in my purge oven first? http://www.coleman.com/uploadedFiles/Content/Customer_Support/Safety/lantern.pdf Here is one techique that can remove any impurities soluable in water - specifically alpha pinene. Repeat this in 5% increments until the system is 100% isopropyl alcohol and you will be left with 20 samples. We buy the salt cheap by the bag, using salt intended for water softener use. Check the MSDS because the word light naphtha only means it boils between 30C and 100C, so it can contain Benzene.. 95% thca cristals are white. After winterizing and seprating the wax, would it be wise to keep oil solution cold like very cold? Rubbing alcohol cannot be separated by distillation - the water and alcohol won't separate that way. That is called a "Seperation Funnel" they come in various sizes. I rarely use flower because I do not extract, but this reply is in hopes of helping you out. Ethanol however, is a very different story, being as I am in the UK and Everclear is not on sale here (nor do we have a limey equivalent). It is a sort of thin film chromatography separation and works surprisingly well for seperating the components of an extract. I have. Once the vessel is filled, tightly close and chill it to -75. Repeating the last two paragraphs of the article for your benefit: After a day or 2 in the oven (around 95 degrees F) I consider it evaporated. Sep 16, 2021 | Blog, Cannabis Extraction, News. All I used was a 1 micron paper filter, DE and pentane. #12 once pentane gets to the point where your crystals are not covered or your impurities are getting too concentrated ,remove the wanted seeds then fast crash the pentane solution by keeping the lid off repeat steps #4+ once solution has evaporated the pentane leaving unwanteds+ THC-A, Thanks @Terpjesus. Clarified neem oil is food stuff - lipids and fats. It has a burnt taste not normally present when vaped above 365F but is sweet below that. We perform the salt water wash of the hexane mixture, by simply pouring the salt water and hexane into the separatory funnel together in about equal parts and shaking well and burping, before allowing the mixture to separate out into layers. . I recommend against using Coleman camp fuel, because of what is in it, and how much harder it is to purge than just Pentane or even Hexane. https://vimeo.com/172564716, I really like what you guys are doing. I had some weedahol (Green Dragon) that was clearly not decarbed before hand. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. You can see a color gradient between the water and the hexane layer but it is impossible to tell where one starts and one ends. #8run dissolved liquid into coffee filter back into a clean jar this is to prevent unwanted seeds from starting, #9(room temp) YOU MUST START WITH A SUBSTANTIALLY FILTERED extraction to begin with, so a first column run without alumina and just the fine frit filter of a buchner funnel pulled through is HIGHLY recommended at 100% iso as the solvent. Like oil and water, shake it up, and you trap bubbles. Once, a mix of hexane and acetone and water in my experiment formed a layer underneath the hexane. When I class chlorophyll with the water solubles, it is not in the same vein as the term is used in inorganic chemistry and is more involved. I have tested a multitude of solvent/lab techniques to accomplish what you are attempting. Thanks! Pour off mix into seperatory funnel. The goop will run down the cool glass and become solid as each component in the goop cools to the point of this phase transition from liquid to solid (more or less). CHILDREN IN INDIA ARE GOING WITHOUT!!! I suggest if you try to read up on it first. - Do we really need salt in the water? Shatter consistency is caused imo by impurities in the extract. Otherwise the drip is a bit milky with wax and harsh. C over the course of 5-30 days. Its made specifically for extractions and concentrates. This attests to safety. I see stuff on Google in this thread but I can't find it. Doing so will evaporate most of the butane. nobody recrystallizes their THC. Thank you so much! . It didn't dilute very easily (???). I reasoned that the RSO had been ethanol extracted soxhlet style, so guess that ethanol was present. We use an HPLC Reagent grade for this purpose, which we get from the local scientific supply store. ! I'm led to understand that salt water is about as polar as you can get and should remove chlorophyll, as well as other polar solvent-soluble materials. https://vimeo.com/181396690. Run the rotovap again. A personal disclaimer; I involve one more step that requires flame to volitize the remaining hydrocarbons out of the extract. Would love your thoughts, please comment. No fear. Modified mason jars or stainless-steel reactors are most often used depending on scale. Shake well, stick it in the freezer fro two days. It takes a LONG time for the decarboxylation to occur doing this judging visually. GW. https://future4200.com/search?q=CBD+pentane Step V : Here's where the chromatography machine comes . Ostensibly Methanol would do an even better job winterizing, but would require tighter purging standards. Maybe you could get patent on dust free extract and sell it and get rich - heck if you get rich enough even you might be President some day. GW. This will remove approximately one-third of the remaining solvent. The best way to remove the grease is to wash the precipitate well with pet.ether 40/60 or 60/80. what if it is green? I scraped it up and vaped it and honestly couldn't tell the difference at all. you will dissolve more thca than wanted So I am working on extracting some lovely compounds from plant matter only problem is I left it in alcohol for several days longer than expected. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled, https://future4200.com/search?q=CBD+pentane. To further refine the THCA you can wash it in another hydrocarbon such as pentane to try to remove the remaining . I have employed many solvents, including hexane, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, light patroleum ether, water, and a litany of polar household cleaners. With all of the listed items above done as a hobby one thing is very clear - the results are highly variable. C. A vacuum of -15 to -20 mmHg should be used to assist the purging process. Hello Mr Gold, Thank you for your book, it must have been hard work publishing a book of this nature back then. If we wish to filter it further, we run it through 0.45 or 0.2 micron syringe filters, which takes out any remaining plant material, as well as any bacteria present. Would have a question for you. in Free. The picture was my ex-spouse. Hands down DCVC produces purified and seperated results and generally is useful for the ounce size quantities I process and likely much larger quantities.. After I notice no bubbles forming (15min - 1 hr), I pressurize the chamber and pull a second purge. It is carried by it like a boat is not soluble in the stream it. I don't have access to butane, I am pretty much a double-boiler type QWET setup (NuWave w/candy thermometer for the cooking oil, stainless steel 2 cup UKonserve container for the mash/oil). Oops! Following this I dissolve the winterized oil in n-hexane (Ratio 20 g ISO to 100 ml hexane). Heating the diamonds through smoking or vaporization is the best way to enjoy the diamond's full potential and fast-acting effects. This is to separate mixtures, in time. The second time we washed, the water was lighter. I do not extract but from time to time get flower to puff. Thanks Pleasant tasting frankly. My first step is adding roughly 60g of BHO to around 24 oz of Klean Xtract. queen of diamonds softball tournament 2022 Search. The only thing I have extracted by intense boiling in water is some pinene which is partially miscible in water (no idea about salt water here). Besides name calling your post has little data to support your claim that environmental elements found in normal day to day living are hazardous beyond the hazards already present in the product. The water layer will be milk to chalk white. and put your freezer at the coldest temperature ) Next step is to add your alcohol to your plant material , buds, sugar leaf whatever you are using and place back into the freezer for another 24 hours , during this time shake,or stir occasionally.Step 2: use cheesecloth or bleached free fabric to filter your plant material& alcohol, once this is done place alcohol oil mix back into freezer and discard plant material. But, vaping the extract baked liked this turned me on to the fact I wasn't inhaling fully converted THC. 9. - How much should we reduce the volume of the methanol? First off ,freeze your alcohol and plant material separately for a good 24 hours ( never wash at room temperature! Have seen a clear terp online and am wondering If any one has info on how to achieve it. The process you see in the bid was copied from an old patent on removing alpha pinene from citrus oil meant for human consumption. The hexane/oil remained dark, but though we must have done it right already We purged - the oil was still black. If I can be told a more effective way to evaporate the Ethanol, or even better a method of producing a hard shatter consistency with strictly ethanol? When left outside for 20min (45-50F) the solution solidified. Signing up indicates your consent to our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. THCA is white when pure (or close to pure). When performing your extraction, its important to chill your jacketed extraction system to -50, C or colder. 2) I would transfer what you desribe to an oven safe piece of glass or stainless steel and turn the oven to 275 F. Place the goop into the oven with lid off. Eventually, the HTSFE will have small amounts of terpenes present with large crystals, or many small crystals, and it will be ready for the final purge. Could I use pure acetone to re-dissolve my oil (as I use acetone to extract it from plant material anyways) and then simply salt water-wash that in a separatory funnel to clean it, then evaporate the acetone on a 140F hot plate? I have tested and it is nearly a one to one ratio by weight what the carbon absorbs - one gram of carbon will absorb one gram of material from your extract. Dark green or dark amber? On April 29, 2023, Melissa Reidof Cannabis Now talked extensively about the film in a review called Higher Ed.. The closer I get to using the extremes the more variable the results will be. At room temp it is constantly decarbing judging by the experiments with time lapse photos up close to see it. ********* Dissolving Acidic Cannabinoids for a THCA Tincture by Cat Scientific, FDA Rating and limits on various solvents, Washington State Emergency Rule on Flammable and CO2 Extraction, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002893.htm, (/flacktek-speedmixer-grinding--milling/) Comments. Salting down is a method of fractionalization for this solution. Diamonds may be tough, but avoiding knocking them against hard surfaces (or dropping them) can go a long way toward keeping your gems sparkling. Note also that oxygen in a breathing atmosphere greater than 75% pure will kill us dead! The result is thick liquid at room temp, but hard as a rock in the refigerator. It doesn't have to be a lot. You've picked yourself a challenge brother! Kleen xtract has been the wash to get it back into a "purgable" consistency. Turn on stirring and turn on the heating bath and set to 45 C. N-Hexane boils at about 69C/ 156F and has a high vapor pressure, so it is easy to evaporate, but harder to completely purge. It is cheap, highly effective, safe, and uses just a Buchner funnel, vacuum pump, and the vessels to collect them in. I believe from multiple experiments that I have conducted with $1000's of my own money and my own legally obtained extract here in Oregon, that this is the quickest, safest, and cheapest way to clean the extract for ultra purity. Four month old trim will be significantly darker than fresh trim. Save the fraction seperately. What it takes to repeat success is a commitment to observing carefully and closely. Plus, putting your jewelry away safely while you bake, apply cosmetics, or garden helps keep debris from building up in and around the setting. Generally the whole process is about 15 minutes or less. Yeah once they get that big it becomes difficult to get enough thca to continue to grow them even bigger. The Pam was used to lubricate the blades on an automatic trimmer and contaminated the trim used for this particular extraction. One thing I notice is it takes quite a long time for bubbling to become visible. Next month I plan to do a vid from start to finish and present the results in a video to show it. Two Dawgs Absolutely. I would love to see photos! And filtering through AC and DE? On another note, we are not that sure anymore about complicating the situation further with additional processes. TWA: 500 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] Inhalation. Alumina is basically the grit on sandpaper and is as toxic as sand. GW, could you by any chance assist in us getting in touch with a lab that would accept a sample and cash payment via mail? I am trying to polish my ISO with hexane. Shake well and then lift the lid long enough to burp any pressure, before setting it in a stand to stratify into layers. without seeing the stuff. nope. Step IV: Wash the oil in a pentane solution to remove any remaining plant matter residue. If it is not chalk white, evaporate and oil will be recoverable. Flash point 57F. How old the material? Perform your extraction as normal but maintain a ratio of solvent to biomass between 6:1 and 10:1. I pre-heat my oven to 250 F. I put the iso/extract mix now onto a preheated cookie sheet. 2023 Wise Education Technology Inc. All rights reserved. https://vimeo.com/166726729. When you are cleaning up really gunky stuff it might be more practical to use 10% increments. Next Post: Faculty Feature: Stefanie Gangano, Ph.D. How to Get the Most Flower Weight from Your Cannabis Grow. It also takes longer to work the emulsion layer with subsequent washes, and each wash leaves with some, so at some point need to make the call. Seperation with a definate emulsion layer between. I cannot know if this would work for you because every parameter often gets adjusted "on the fly" as I do my own. I've looked into carbon filtration a lot, but this is the first time someone gave an actual number as to what is lost. Drained again. The water will drop through the iso layer and into the bottom layer at first, oulling polar compounds with it. I evaporated and purged at high vacuum the yellow layer by itself and the dark hexane layer. While THCA is a useful cannabinoid on its own, the synergistic effects of cannabinoids and terpenes are not to be underestimated. First of all any salt will greatly impact the miscibility of alcohol and water. Boiling point 97F. I also note that salt, iso, water, oxygen, heat, cold, sand, dust, and aspirin all share a common trait; in sufficient quantities they will all kill us. When in the seperatory funnel in conjunction with hexane and iso I have seen odd seperations happen. So far, a third of our flowers are processed like this. Without additional processing, it produces a more full-spectrum product called a high-terpene full-spectrum extract (HTFSE). milkhouse creamery mountain top menu, how to use cream peroxide developer 20v, govanhill trafficking,